The Thirteenth Amendment did not seem to stop violence and inequality amongst African Americans. The Fourteenth Amendment ejected the Thirteenth from people's minds and was greatly focused on by the federal court. The Fourteenth Amendment was more effective because it got better and larger results. Companies and businesses were able to manipulate it to their advantage, which they could not do with the Thirteenth. “James Ashley's Thirteenth Amendment” by Rebecca E. Zietlow says, “Sadly, the primacy of the Thirteenth Amendment faded after the Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, which enforced the Fourteenth Amendment’s protection against state-mandated race discrimination”. However, its purpose of granting equal right to African Americans was stopped by the soon to come black codes, the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, and Jim Crow laws.